JNSS 2025, 16(1):44-54 | DOI: 10.32725/jnss.2025.007

Analysis of the Dose Area Product (DAP) size in dental patients undergoing CBCT and OPG examinations

Anita Zubáková1, *, Martina Horváthová2, Denisa Nikodemová3, Igor Gomola1
1 Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health Protection and Biostatistics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
2 Trnava University, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, Department of Laboratory Testing Methods in Health Care, Trnava, Slovak Republic
3 Commission of Slovak Health Ministry for Quality Assurance in Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Despite relatively low radiation doses, dental diagnostic methods pose a particular health risk to patients. The results of recent developments are the so-called cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices; the main principle of which is to create a 3D image using a cone beam of radiation. The most significant benefit is the possibility of increasing the anatomical accuracy of the position of the imaged location in the patient's body. The presented study aimed to analyse the data, especially the Dose Area Product (DAP) size in patients undergoing dental examinations using CBCT and panoramic X-ray equipment. A comparison of CBCT examinations with the prevailing panoramic dental examinations (OPG) indicated an increased risk of radiation exposure during CBCT examinations. Therefore, it is necessary to consistently consider the indications for CBCT examinations in connection with their increasing number.

Keywords: CBCT; DAP; Dentistry; Medical radiation; OPG; Patient
Conflicts of interest:

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Received: May 19, 2025; Revised: June 9, 2025; Accepted: July 8, 2025; Prepublished online: July 8, 2025; Published: July 10, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Zubáková A, Horváthová M, Nikodemová D, Gomola I. Analysis of the Dose Area Product (DAP) size in dental patients undergoing CBCT and OPG examinations. Journal of Nursing, Social Studies, Public Health and Rehabilitation. 2025;16(1-2):44-54. doi: 10.32725/jnss.2025.007.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. . Act No. 87/2018 Coll., o radiačnej ochrane a o zmene doplnení niektorých zákonov. In: Zbierka zákonov Slovenskej republiky. Decree of the Health Ministry of the Slovak Republic, In collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic.
    2. . Baccher S, Gowdar IM, Guruprasad Y, Solanki RN, Medhi R, Shah MJ, Mehta DN (2024). CBCT: A Comprehensive Overview of its Applications and Clinical Significance in Dentistry. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 16(Suppl 3): S1923-S1925. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_19_24. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. . Brasil DM, Merken K, Binst J, Bosmans H, Haiter-Neto F, Jacobs R (2023). Monitoring cone-beam CT radiation dose levels in a University Hospital.UK: British Institute of Radiology. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 52(3): 20220213. DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20220213. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. . Distefano S, Cannarozzo MG, Spagnuolo G, Bucci MB, Lo Giudice R (2023). The "dedicated" CBCT in Dentistry. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(11): 5954. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115954. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. . EUDENT (2025). [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.eudent.sk/eshop/axeos-2d-3d/p-5753838.xhtml?srsltid=AfmBOopIeEfzMBpQo2pJHfcpYk1zNDbe36RRRjIZUxUOoqo7SZmU7BEX
    6. . Ghanbarnezhad Farshi R, Mesbahi A, Johari M, Kara Ü, Gharehaghaji N (2019). Dosimetry of critical organs in maxillofacial imaging with cone-beam computed tomography. Biomed Phys Eng 9(1): 51-60. Go to original source...
    7. . Higgins ES (2021). Fifty Years Ago the First CT Scan Let Doctors See Inside a Living Skull, pp. 1-5. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/fifty-years-ago-the-first-ct-scan-let-doctors-see-inside-a-living-skull-180978792/
    8. . Horner K, O'Malley L, Taylor K, Glenny AM (2015). Guidelines for clinical use of CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 44(1): 20140225. DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20140225. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. . IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency (2022). Radiation Protection in dental radiology. Safety Reports No. 108, 109 p. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/PUB1972_Web.pdf
    10. . IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency (2024). Radiation doses in dental radiology. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.iaea.org/resources/rpop/health-professionals/dentistry/radiation-doses
    11. . Ismayilov R, Özgür B (2023). Indications and use of cone beam computed tomography in children and young individuals in a university-based dental hospital. BMC Oral Health 23(1): 1033. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03784-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. . John G. Plummer & Associates Dental Surgeons (2024). Cone Beam CBCT/ OPG Referral. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.plummers.co.uk/cbct-referral/
    13. . Kaaber L, Matzen LH, Spin-Neto R, Schropp L (2024). Low-dose CBCT protocols in implant dentistry: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 138(3): 427-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.03.013. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. . Khader A, Jain S, Sarah, Mishra S, Saleem S, Vijayan A (2024). Comparing Radiation Doses in CBCT and Medical CT Imaging for Dental Applications. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 16(Suppl 2): S1795-S1797. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1145_23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. . Kovaľová E, Biroš P, Dřízhal I, Abelovský P (2005). Dentálna rádiografia v praxi. Interpertácia rtg snímok v kariológii, paradontológii, dentoalveolárnej chirurgii. Akcent print, 147 p.
    16. . Lin EY (2019). Použití technológie Cone Beam v ortodoncii. StomaTeam, s.r.o. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.stomateam.cz/cz/ortodoncie/pouziti-technologie-cone-beam-v-ortodoncii
    17. . Lorenzoni DC, Bolognese AM, Garib DG, Guedes FR, Sant'anna EF (2012). Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Radiographs in Dentistry: Aspects Related to Radiation Dose. Int J Dent 2012: 813768. DOI: 10.1155/2012/813768. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. . MacDonald-Jankowski, DS, Orpe EC (2006). Computed tomography for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Part 2: Cone-beam computed tomography. Asian J Oral Maxillofac Surg 18(2): 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/S0915-6992(06)80001-4. Go to original source...
    19. . National Health Information Centre (© 2024). Medzinárodná klasifikácia chorôb - MKCH-10. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.nczisk.sk/standardy-v-zdravotnictve/pages/medzinarodna-klasifikacia-chorob-mkch-10.aspx.
    20. . Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (2025). [Úrad verejného zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky]. Výročná správa činnosti Úradu verejného zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky za rok 2023. Bratislava. [online] [cit. 2025-01-22]. Available from: https://www.uvzsr.sk/web/uvzsr/v%C3%BDro%C4%8Dn%C3%A9-spr%C3%A1vy
    21. . Rozylo-Kalinowska I (2020). Imaging Techniques in Dental Radiology. Springer Nature Link, pp. 1-186. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41372-9. Go to original source...
    22. . Súkupová L (2018). Radiační ochrana při rentgenových výkonech - to nejdůležitější pro praxi. Praha: Grada Publishing, 280 p.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content